France Food

When exploring French markets, shops, or restaurant menus, you’ll often notice food labels like AOC, AOP, or IGP. These certifications guarantee authenticity and protect traditional products tied to specific regions.

AOC (Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée) – A French national label created in the 1930s to protect products linked to their region of origin. It ensures strict production methods, traditional know-how, and geographic authenticity. Examples include Roquefort cheese and Poulet de Bresse.

AOP (Appellation d’Origine Protégée) / PDO (Protected Designation of Origin) – The European Union’s version of AOC, introduced in 1992. All French AOC products have also been recognized as AOP/PDO at the European level. Today, you’ll often see both logos side by side on packaging, confirming the product’s protected status across the EU.

IGP (Indication Géographique Protégée) / PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) – A step below AOP. This label protects products that are closely tied to a region but with slightly more flexibility in production methods. For example, Tomme de Savoie cheese and Jambon de Bayonne carry IGP status.

Appellation d’Origine Protégée (AOP) / Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)

A semi‑hard, raw‑milk cheese from Haute‑Savoie in the French Alps, Abondance was granted PDO (AOP) status in 1996. Made exclusively with milk from the Abondance, Montbéliarde, and Tarine cattle, it is shaped into large wheels (~7–12 kg) and aged for at least 100 days—often longer—on spruce boards. It has a fragrant, nutty aroma with creamy, melt‑in‑the‑mouth texture and a complex flavor often described as fruity with hazelnut and barnyard notes.

A raw cow’s milk cheese from Savoie in the French Alps, Beaufort is known for its smooth, firm texture and concave rind. Aged for at least 5 months, it offers floral, buttery, and slightly tangy notes. It’s a key ingredient in Alpine dishes like fondue.

This Normandy butter is made from cream sourced from cows in the Isigny region. Rich in beta-carotene and with a naturally golden color, it’s prized for its smooth texture and sweet, slightly nutty flavor.

A cow’s milk blue cheese from the Auvergne region, it has a moist, creamy texture and a bold, salty tang. Its flavor intensifies with aging but remains less sharp than Roquefort.

A delicate white sausage made from pork, milk, and eggs, originating from Rethel in the Ardennes. It is gently spiced (no breadcrumbs) and usually pan-fried or grilled, offering a mild, creamy flavor.

The only chicken in the world with PDO status, this breed is raised under strict conditions in Bresse. Known for its tender, flavorful meat and distinctive blue feet, it’s often roasted or served in cream-based sauces.

“Brie” is a style of soft, bloomy-rind cheese from the Île-de-France region. Only Brie de Meaux and Brie de Melun hold PDO status. Mild, creamy, and mushroomy, it’s best eaten at room temperature.

A soft-ripened cow’s milk cheese from Île-de-France. Larger and milder than Brie de Melun, it has a pale interior, earthy flavor, and edible white rind. Often called the “King of Cheeses.”

A Corsican fresh whey cheese made from goat’s or ewe’s milk. Mild and creamy when young, it’s used in both sweet and savory dishes. Aged versions develop a tangier flavor.

A soft, bloomy-rind cheese made from raw cow’s milk in Normandy. Creamy and earthy with a white rind, it matures in wooden boxes and is protected under AOP rules—distinct from mass-market “Camembert.”

One of France’s oldest cheeses, Cantal comes from the Auvergne region and is made from cow’s milk. It ranges from young (Cantal jeune) to well-aged (Cantal vieux), with flavors evolving from mild and milky to sharp and nutty.

A cylindrical goat’s cheese from western France, with a wrinkled white rind and a dense, creamy center. Mild when young, it becomes tangy and earthy as it ripens.

Sparkling wine made under strict méthode champenoise rules in the Champagne region. Only wines from this region can legally bear the name, with permitted grapes including Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and Pinot Meunier.

A soft-ripened cow’s milk cheese from Champagne and Burgundy. It has a bloomy rind, creamy texture, and subtle mushroom and tangy dairy flavors. Typically sold in drum-shaped forms.

A raw goat’s milk cheese from Savoie with a washed rind and semi-soft interior. Aged for a few weeks, it has floral aromas and a mild, slightly nutty taste.

A cooked, pressed cow’s milk cheese from the Jura mountains. Made in large wheels and aged 4 months to 2 years, it develops complex notes of nuts, fruit, and browned butter.

A small goat’s milk cheese from the Loire Valley. It starts off firm and nutty, then hardens and intensifies as it ages. Commonly served warm on salads or with wine.

A pungent washed-rind cheese from Burgundy, made from cow’s milk and washed in Marc de Bourgogne. Orange-rinded and creamy, it’s known for its strong aroma and smooth, intense flavor.

Known as Piment d’Espelette, this mild Basque chili pepper is air-dried and ground into bright red powder. Used in regional dishes as a flavorful, slightly spicy alternative to black pepper.

A cylindrical blue cheese from the Auvergne region, made with cow’s milk. Less salty and more subtle than other French blues, it has a creamy texture and mild, nutty flavor with hints of mushroom.

A firm, uncooked, pressed cow’s milk cheese from the Aubrac plateau in southern France. Typically aged 4–12 months, it has a smooth, dense texture and earthy, buttery flavor.

A soft, washed-rind cheese from Champagne-Ardenne, made from cow’s milk. It has a sunken top (never turned during ripening) and a pungent aroma. Creamy inside with tangy, salty notes.

Ail Rose de Lautrec is a pink-skinned garlic variety from the Tarn region. It is prized for its sweet, delicate flavor and long shelf life, and is grown using traditional methods.

Lentille Verte du Puy comes from volcanic soils in the Haute-Loire. Small and slate-green with a speckled surface, they hold their shape well when cooked and have a peppery flavor.

A washed-rind cow’s milk cheese from Normandy, often wrapped in strips of paper or reed. Strong in aroma and flavor, with a smooth, supple interior and a pungent, salty taste.

A square-shaped, washed-rind cheese from northern France, made from cow’s milk. It has a sticky orange rind, assertive aroma, and a rich, tangy flavor that intensifies with age.

This honey from the Alsace region includes varieties such as fir, chestnut, and acacia. It’s known for its purity, floral complexity, and expression of the region’s unique flora.

A semi-soft cow’s milk cheese from Franche-Comté, easily identified by its dark line of ash in the center. Smooth and elastic in texture with a mild, slightly tangy flavor.

A smoked pork sausage from the Jura Mountains, made using traditional methods and smoked over conifer wood. It has a robust, smoky flavor and is typically poached or grilled.

A strong-smelling washed-rind cheese from Alsace and Lorraine, made from cow’s milk. It has a creamy texture and a tangy, slightly spicy flavor that becomes more pronounced with age.

A soft, bloomy-rind cow’s milk cheese from Normandy, traditionally shaped like a heart. Similar in texture to Camembert but slightly saltier with mushroomy and lactic notes.

These small, dark olives come from the Alpes-Maritimes area near Nice. Grown using traditional methods, they’re known for their mild bitterness and are often preserved in brine or made into olive oil.

A firm sheep’s milk cheese from the Basque and Béarn regions of the Pyrenees. It has a smooth, dense texture with nutty, grassy, and buttery flavors that intensify with aging.

A small round goat’s cheese from Languedoc-Roussillon. It has a soft, white rind and a creamy, tangy interior with herbal and nutty undertones, often eaten young or slightly aged.

A small, flat disc-shaped goat’s cheese from the Drôme and Ardèche regions. It has a natural rind, a firm texture, and a sharp, slightly spicy flavor that intensifies over time.

A soft washed-rind cow’s milk cheese from Normandy, square in shape with a creamy interior and a mild, slightly tangy taste. It’s one of the oldest cheeses in France.

A pyramid-shaped goat’s milk cheese from the Loire Valley. Covered in a natural rind, it has a dense, white paste and a flavor profile ranging from citrusy and lactic to nutty and earthy.

A soft washed-rind cheese from the Savoie region, made from raw cow’s milk. Creamy with a delicate, nutty flavor, it’s a key ingredient in the Alpine dish tartiflette.

A small, round goat’s cheese from the Lot department. Soft and creamy with a thin edible rind, it has a fresh, tangy flavor when young and becomes richer as it ripens.

A blue-veined sheep’s milk cheese aged in the natural caves of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon. It has a crumbly, moist texture with a sharp, salty flavor and is one of France’s most iconic cheeses.

A semi-soft cow’s milk cheese from Auvergne, with a washed rind and creamy, supple interior. It offers earthy, hay-like aromas and a mellow, nutty taste.

A soft goat’s cheese from the Loire Valley, coated in ash and ripened with a bloomy rind. It has a chalky core, creamy edge, and a tangy, slightly earthy flavor.

A pyramid-shaped goat’s cheese from the Berry region, traditionally coated in ash. It has a dense, slightly crumbly texture and a citrusy, fresh flavor that becomes more complex with age.

Indication Géographique Protégée (IGP) / Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)

Bayonne ham (Jambon de Bayonne) is a cured ham from the Adour basin in Southwest France. It holds PGI (Protected Geographical Indication), not PDO. Known for its delicate, melt‑in‑the‑mouth texture and balanced saltiness, it’s dry‑cured using local salt from Salies‑de‑Béarn and aged for at least 12 months under strict regional regulations.

Alsace honey (Miel d’Alsace) carries PGI status, covering varieties like chestnut, acacia, and fir honey produced in specified zones of Alsace.

A rich, triple‑creme cow’s milk cheese named after the famous gastronome Jean‑Anthelme Brillat‑Savarin. It earned PGI status in 2017.

A Swiss‑style Emmental made in the French Savoie region. Holds PGI protection since 1996.

A French Emmental variety produced in central France; also PGI‑protected since 1996.

A Gruyère‑style cheese produced in France rather than Switzerland—protected under PGI since 2013.

The French version of raclette cheese produced in Savoie, with PGI protection granted in 2017.

A soft, creamy cheese from the Rhône‑Alpes region. Recognized with PGI status in 2013.

A washed‑rind cow’s milk cheese from Burgundy, protected by PGI since 2016.

A mild alpine cheese from Savoie, PGI‑protected since 1996.

A cheese from the Pyrenees region, granted PGI protection in 1996.

Fresh tomme cheese from Aubrac, with PGI status recognized in 2023.