History and Architecture of Tsarevets Fortress
Tsarevets Fortress, located in the heart of Veliko Tarnovo, is a must-visit for anyone interested in history, architecture, or folklore.
In this blog post, we will take you on a journey through time as we explore the rich history of Tsarevets Fortress, from its origins with the Ancient Thracians to its role in Bulgarian history and beyond. We will also dive into the architectural marvels that make up the fortress, including the fortifications, entrances, and royal complex. Lastly, we’ll tell you about the unique audiovisual show at Tsarevets and provide some tips for navigating your way there.
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History of Tsarevets Fortress
In earlier times, Tsarevets Fortress bore witness to the rule of ancient Thracians & Roman influence. It reflects Bulgaria’s medieval legacy, withstanding sieges, royal dynasties, and preserving national identity. Even today, it stands as a symbol of historical continuity, representing the enduring spirit of the Bulgarian people.
The Ancient Thracians and the Roman Treasures
Traces of the ancient Thracian civilization and Roman-era treasures enrich Tsarevets’ historical tapestry. Visitors can explore archaeological sites and uncover insights into daily lives, customs, and craftsmanship. The artifacts offer a window into early civilizations, adding depth to Tsarevets’ historical narrative.
Tsarevets and the Bulgarians
Nestled in Veliko Tarnovo, Tsarevets Fortress symbolizes Bulgarian resilience and cultural achievements. Serving as a stronghold for rulers, it reflects the nation’s courage and commitment to preserving its heritage, fostering unity, pride, and historical consciousness. This cherished landmark evokes a sense of collective memory and reverence.
The Siege of Tarnovo
Amid the historic walls of Tsarevets Fortress, the Siege of Tarnovo unfolded, marking a crucial chapter in Bulgaria’s medieval history. The fortress bore witness to resilience, strategic maneuvers, and enduring folklore. Visitors today can explore the saga of heroism, sacrifice, and the legacy of valor.
Tsarevets Under Ottoman Rule
After the Ottoman conquest, Tsarevets transformed administratively, architecturally, and culturally. It functioned as an Ottoman administrative, religious, and residential hub, showcasing diverse influences. Exploring Tsarevets during the Ottoman era offers insights into its adaptive resilience and enduring historical significance.
Tsarevets in the 21st Century
Nestled in northern Bulgaria, Tsarevets Fortress boasts stunning views of Veliko Tarnovo. The mesmerizing light show at night brings the historic gem to life, attracting visitors worldwide. A popular tourist attraction, it is a testament to Bulgaria’s rich history and culture, captivating history enthusiasts with its medieval stronghold.
Archaeological Excavations
Archaeological excavations at Tsarevets commenced in 1886 by Czech scientist Karel Shkorpil. However, the lack of organization and funding resulted in partial excavations that continued intermittently until 1905. After the revival of the archaeological society in Tarnovo, further excavations were conducted, leading to the restoration of the Baldwin Tower in 1930. From 1932 to 1934, the first gate of the main entrance was restored, and a study of the water supply of Tsarevets and Trapezitsa was made in 1935.
After 1946, systematic archaeological investigations of the palace of the Bulgarian kings of the Second Bulgarian State began. In 1958 and 1959, the District Historical Museum researched the fortress system of Tsarevets. The Archaeological Institute at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences established a branch in 1974, beginning a comprehensive study of the inner fortress of Tsarevets. The excavations have yielded a vast amount of archaeological material, providing valuable insights into town planning, architecture, the fortress system, material and spiritual culture, and the population’s social structure.
Architecture of Tsarevets Fortress
Overlooking the Yantra River, Tsarevets Fortress offers stunning landscapes and a glimpse into medieval life. With a royal palace, residential quarters, and the historic Patriarchal Church, the fortress reflects 12th-century grandeur. Its strategic location and impressive fortifications signify the architectural marvels of the Second Bulgarian Kingdom.
The Fortifications
The Fortifications of Tsarevets are composed of walls that encircle the entire hill and other transverse walls that descend perpendicularly to the river. The fortress wall along the rock ridge of Tsarevets is 2.4 meters thick and, in some places, reaches 3.6 meters.
It has been determined that the construction of the fortifications took place during three distinct periods. The first period dates back to the early Byzantine era, with the earliest constructions dating back to the beginning of the 5th or 6th century. The second period was in the first half of the 12th century, significantly before 1185. The third period was probably in the 13th century, since during the Second Bulgarian State, the encircling fortress wall underwent frequent repairs and extensions, constantly transforming it.
The Main Entrance to Tsarevets Hill
The Main Entrance to the fortress is on the western side of Tsarevets Hill, providing direct access to Veliko Tarnovo. It’s constructed on a narrow rocky massif to create an additional security facility. Although it was naturally difficult to access, the entrance had three successive gates.
There was a wooden drawbridge in front of the first gate over the Cut Rock, which was preserved until 1864, along with a battle tower above the gate. Between 1932 and 1934, the entrance was rebuilt without the tower, according to the architect Alexander Rashtenov’s project.
The second gate was located 18 meters after the first, and the foundations of a quadrangular tower were found and preserved until 1910.
The third gate of the main entrance rose 45 meters after the second, and it existed until 1889. It was built on the foundations of an older gate from the fortress wall from the I-VI centuries. The third gate was restored in 1971.
Small Gate
The second entrance to the Tsarevets fortress was the Small Gate (Asenova) on the northwestern fortress wall. It was used to connect Tsarevets Hill, Trapezitsa Hill, and the New City (Asenova Mahala). A two-story tower rose above the Small Gate, and the door was double-winged, wooden, studded with large iron nails. The Small Gate and the tower above it were restored in 1975.
Frankhisar Gate
The third entrance to the fortress, called the Frankhisar Gate aka French Chissar Gate, was located adjacent to the Baldwin Tower. It connected Tsarevet Hill to the Frankish quarter. The 2.5-meter-wide road was preserved until 1910.
Baldwin Tower
Baldwin Tower, a battle tower guarding the Frankhisar Gate, is at the southeastern end of Tsarevets fortress. This tower is associated with the name of the Latin emperor Baldwin, who was captured by King Kaloyan in the Battle of Edirne in 1205. It was restored between 1930 and 1932 according to the project of the architect Alexander Rashenov.
The Royal Complex on Tsarevets
Nestled within Tsarevets Fortress, the royal complex showcases the medieval Bulgarian tsars’ opulence and offers insights into their daily lives. Exploring these remnants allows a profound connection with the rich history of the Bulgarian monarchy.
The Palace of the Bulgarian Kings
The palace is situated in the central and plain part of a hill, and it was a closed complex surrounded by a fortified wall, two towers, and two entrances – one main entrance from the north and another from the south. It consisted of a throne room, a palace church, and a royal residential area, covering an area of 4,872 square meters (52,440 sq ft).
The Patriarchal Cathedral of the Holy Ascension of the Lord
The Patriarchal Cathedral of the Holy Ascension of the Lord is a former Eastern Orthodox cathedral. It served as the seat of the Bulgarian patriarch from the time of its construction in the 11th-12th century until its destruction in 1393.
The cathedral was built on top of a late Roman church and follows a cross-domed plan with a bell tower and a triple apse. The cathedral is richly decorated both on the exterior and interior. However, its internal walls now feature modern frescoes that prevent it from being reconsecrated.
It was reconstructed in the 1970s and 1980s. Although it is not used as a Christian place of worship anymore, it has been open for visitors since 1985.
Monastery
During the Middle Ages, numerous churches, monasteries, residential buildings, and craftsman’s workshops were located on the slopes of the Tsarevets hill. Archaeologists have identified 400 residential buildings organized into quarters, 22 churches, and four monasteries.
Audiovisual Show at Tsarevets Fortress
Immerse yourself in the captivating audiovisual spectacle at Tsarevets. The show vividly portrays key historical events through light projections, music, and narration. Set against the fortress backdrop, it offers a dramatic and enchanting experience, drawing visitors from across the globe.
Free Shows
The free shows can be watched from Tsar Asen I Square, which is in front of the main gate of Tsarevets Fortress. During the show, traffic through the square is stopped, street lights are turned off, and the soundtrack of the show is played. When the show is “paid,” the soundtrack is only played at the panoramic viewing terrace – not in the square.
On some dates, there are tickets available for free shows. On these occasions, you can enjoy the show free from the square or buy tickets and watch the show from the VIP Hall.
Paid Shows
If the show is a”Paid Show,” you must buy tickets. Admission is free for children under 7 (not occupying a seat), and children aged 7-18 pay a discounted rate.
The tickets are valid for the special panoramic viewing terrace (also called VIP Hall Tsarevgrad) at 6 Nikola Pikolo St., with entrance just behind the Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral. The hall has the best possible view of Tsarevets Hill, panoramic windows, and air conditioning so that you can enjoy the show in all seasons and weather conditions.
Fees and Opening Hours for Tsarevets Fortress
Opening Hours
April to October:
8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. (Monday to Sunday)
November to March:
9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. (Monday to Sunday)
Entrance Fees
Adults – 10.00 BGN
Family Tickets (mother, father with up to children from 7 to 18 years old) – 15.00 BGN
Guided Tours
In Bulgarian – 20.00 BGN
Translated – 30.00 BGN
Check here for more information about opening hours and entrance fees.
Tips for Visiting Tsarevets Fortress
Here are some insider tips to help you plan your trip to Tsarevets Fortress.
Plan Ahead
Plan ahead and familiarize yourself with essential information about Tsarevets Fortress to make the most of your time there. Don’t miss the chance to learn about its history and architecture.
Join a Tour
Join a guided tour for historical insights.
Wear Comfortable Shoes
Don’t forget to wear comfortable shoes as you explore the Fortress.
Bring Water and Sunscreen
Carry water and sunscreen, especially in summer.
Best Photography
Optimal lighting for photography is in the early morning or late afternoon.
Hotels near Tsarevets Fortress
There are many great places to stay in Veliko Tarnovo. However, we strongly recommend staying near the castle icon on the map below for the best experience. This is in the Old Town, where you can enjoy Veliko Tarnovo’s unique architecture, close to the restaurants with fantastic views over the river, and not far from the wine-tasting locations. And it’s a short and easy walk to Tsarevets Fortress.
The below interactive map provides hotel and apartment options that can be filtered to meet your needs. Select your travel dates to get specific availability and prices.
Book your stay now!
FAQs About Tsarevets Fortress
How old is the Tsarevets fortress?
The Tsarevets fortress is over 800 years old. It was built in the 12th century and served as the main stronghold of the medieval Bulgarian Empire. Today, it is a popular tourist attraction and an important historical site in Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria.